Dr. Muhammad Rehman (Policy Analyst)
In India, political and religious dominance and chaotic situations that occur under the Hindutva ideology. RSS and BJP want only one religion in India, that is Hinduism and also impose Hindutva ideology. For them, all other religion practitioners are not worth living. This blog examines the chaotic situation in India during Narendra Modi’s tenure. It discusses the allegations that the government policies and actions have disrupted the lives of 204 million Muslims. Also explores the factors that critics believe have contributed to these policies and argues that the limited response from international human rights and peace organisations has enabled these issues to continue with insufficient accountability.
The ideology of the RSS and BJP not only suppresses other religious minorities but also their fascist behaviour collapses the socioeconomic structure of the country. Recently, Modi’s government adopted a fascist approach, raising concerns about election rigging, criticising the new generation as cockroaches, and collapsing the education system through government interference and competitive examination leaks.
Brief History of Two-Nation Theory
The Partition of British India in 1947 was a result of the ideology of the Two-Nation Theory, which proposed that both the Hindu and Muslim communities constituted two distinct nations. The idea of the Two-Nation Theory, which claimed that the Hindus and Muslims were two nations, had social and political effects and resulted in the Partition of British India in 1947.
The division imposed widespread public violence, mass migration and ethnic violence, resulting in great human suffering. At the time of independence, Hindu politicians were collaborating with the British rulers and the inclusion of the Red Cliff Award gave India a way to Kashmir. Thus, never-ending ideological conflicts started between the two countries. From that time till now, Indian leaders have left no space for Muslims to breathe in India. By using force, they tried to lower the voices of Indian Muslims and Kashmiris. Indian Muslims are living a life worse than prisoners.
The theory was related to religion, but its impact led to heightened social and political polarization in the country. Religious, ethnic, societal and regional differences remained important in politics and society over the years. The transformation went beyond the traditional Hindu-Muslim conflict to broader forms of religious, social and ethnic polarization in India.
Hindutva Ideology: Secular Image of India
Hindutva ideology has extremely harmed the secular image and also blurred the face of democracy and imposed religious nationalism in the country. This ideology is extremely brutal and shows intolerance towards other religions and does not allow them to vote in elections. The most recent incident, which developed the “Cockroach Narrative” for Generation Z, created another societal gap in the shape of demolishing youth potential. India was a truly secular, democratic, ethnic, religious and welfare state, but the RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) ideology implemented by the Bharatiya Janata Party has weakened the true spirit of secularism and democracy.
Modi’s Discrimination and Racial Strategies
Since the day Modi came to power, his extreme racial and religious policies have deeply affected Pak-India bilateral relations. Pak-India relations play a central role in South Asia. These two countries have paramount importance and also affect other countries of Asia. Modi and his ministers contributed nothing more than causing chaos and hatred among the Indian communities and across the country. Muslims in India are living below the poverty line. Due to Modi government policies, Muslims face discriminatory laws (Citizenship Amendment Act), revocation of Jammu and Kashmir’s special status and enforced Anti-conversion and “bulldozer Justice” practices. Their basic human rights have been taken away from them, and also psychological threats through anti-Muslim hate speech, lynching and harassment. They are living a life worse than prisoners, especially Kashmiri Muslims.
Political Ideology
Every political and religious party is based on its fundamental ideological standing to sustain their desired goals. The way RSS and BJP perceive their extreme religious policies as progressing the country with the aim of Greater India (Akhand Bharat). Akhand Bharat is the ideology which means the only dominant religion in the subcontinent should be Hinduism. Destabilizing inter-state and intra-state relationships. They are progressing toward their political and religious objective to destabilize other religions in the region. This ideology creates a political will that supports the BJP government. Political will is what keeps a political party alive in the public. It is very easy to ban or dismantle a political party but it is far more difficult to extinguish the political will that inspires and sustains it.
When one country seeks to weaken another, it does not necessarily rely on direct military force. Instead, it may attempt to use that country’s own constitutional, institutional and political framework to erode the political will of its people. Over time, the weakening of this collective political will can gradually damage the country’s unity, stability and long-term survival.
RSS Regime
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and its political party (BJP) want to implement and govern Hindutva ideology among Indians. Keshav Baliram Hedgewar founded the RSS on 27 September 1925 in Nagpur, Maharashtra. It is a Hindu nationalist volunteer organization that focuses on social, cultural and ideological activities that promote Hindu religious values and activities in India. BJP is a political party founded in 1980 that contests elections and forms the government. The BJP belongs to the Sangh Parivar, a family that comprises the RSS and several affiliated groups.
Narendra Modi’s Government and Kashmir
Due to Modi’s anti-Muslim strategies, the Indian Army has killed tens of thousands of civilians in Kashmir and also imposed the revocation of Article 370 on 5th August 2019. This occupational decision, driven by the BJP with the backing of the RSS, took away the autonomy of Kashmiris and made Kashmir a part of India by revoking Article 370. Kashmir was divided into two separate union territories: Ladakh (without a legislative assembly) and Jammu and Kashmir (with a legislative assembly). This allows Hindu citizens to start businesses and buy properties of Kashmiris. An amendment to the Constitution has been made to bind Kashmir to India forcefully.
Years of disgrace, abuse, rape and killing left Kashmiris relying on Article 370 as their only source of limited autonomy. Indian Parliament divided the State into two separate Union Territories – Ladakh, without a legislature and Jammu and Kashmir, with a legislature. One of the biggest examples is that in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, the BJP has no Muslim MPs. In the 2024 Lok Sabha has 24 (4.4%) Muslim MPs out of 543, and in the Rajya Sabha, Muslims make up about 7% of the house.
Religiously Motivated Crimes
Over the last decade, incidents of religiously motivated crimes in India have reportedly increased during Narendra Modi’s tenure as Prime Minister. Muslims and other minority communities argue that Modi’s response to the Gujarat riots and alleged extrajudicial killing of Muslims and other minorities has raised serious concerns about his commitment to protecting minorities’ rights. Although Modi pledged during election campaigns to safeguard the rights and security of all minorities in India. BJP government has faced persistent criticism from opponents and human rights advocates. They argue that the BJP government has failed to effectively address anti-Muslim sentiment and violence, while appearing more supportive of Hindu nationalist interest groups.
Future of Narendra Modi’s Government
Since 2014, the BJP has been in the government, and they will complete their two decades in power. Therefore, the BJP and Modi’s government are not going anywhere anytime soon, while other political parties may have to wait for their turn for almost another decade.
There are many strong reasons behind this, including a strong political ideology supported by the Hindutva ideological movement, effective political organization, strong leadership and focus on nationalism and development. In addition, India’s economic growth, increasing GDP, infrastructure development and efforts to attract both national and international investment have strengthened the government’s public image and contributed to its election campaigns. Benjamin Netanyahu has adopted the same narrative in Western Asia to expand Israel’s territory and crush the Islamic countries. History is a witness to the mass killings in Palestine, while supranational institutions have remained ineffective in preventing the humanitarian crisis.
BJP leaders and RSS
The BJP leaders widely reported to have RSS backgrounds are also called Swayamsevak. These BJP leaders are Narendra Modi, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, L.K. Advani, Rajnath Singh, Nitin Gadkari, Murli Manohar Joshi and Amit Shah.
The RSS and BJP have frequently had common ideologies, especially in the area of Hindutva (India as a Hindu nation), national unity and cultural identity. Hindutva ideology stands on three pillars: Direct RSS (Swayamsevak), RSS Pracharak, and ABVP route (ideological association). ABVP (Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad), also known as All India Students’ Council, was established in 1949. In 2026, ABVP opposed the Cockroach Movement, a youth-led protest movement that emerged in India to voice concerns about examination integrity.
Riots and RSS
RSS and BJP are the main players of Hindutva politics in India and have criticized for deepening Hindu-Muslim tension, particularly over the issue of Ayodhya/Babri Masjid. The most frequently cited incidents of communal or religious violence in India like Babri Masjid episode, the Bombay/Mumbai riots (1992-93), the Gujarat riots (2002), the Anti-Sikh riots (1984), Nellie massacre (1983), Moradabad riots (1980), and the Muzaffarnagar riots (2013). Babri Masjid itself continues to be the main issue as its demolition sparked general violence across the country. BJP revoked the provisions of Article 370 and 35A: Modi’s government is doing non-humanitarian behaviour with Kashmiris. India disconnected Kashmir from the world so that no one would ever know what is happening in Kashmir.
The RSS claims it doesn’t have direct control over the BJP, but most observers believe it also has substantial advisory and mobilizing influence on the party. What possible influence that has on the extent of that influence is subject to political debate.
Ideological Countries
Two countries came into existence on ideological foundations: Pakistan and Israel. Israel’s ideology is based on the concept of “Greater Israel”, just as the RSS ideology is based on “Greater India. However, there is a difference: Israel is more internally united and supported by international lobbies. On the other side, India faces significant pressure from various groups, including minorities, ethnic and religious groups. Pakistan also faces several issues such as a weak democratic government, internal chaos, and an unstable economy. However, from the perspective of India and Israel, Pakistan remains the only country perceived as posing a challenge to both their physical integrity (territorial) as well as spiritual integrity (ideologies).
Conclusion
Ethnic and religious nationalism can become more dangerous than many other forms of political conflict. Ethnic conflict divides a country, as seen in the historical separation of East and West Pakistan. Political power should be gained through the political will of the general public, not on the basis of ethnic or religious nationalism. Snatching the political will of the people through ethnic and religious polarization can ruin a country worse than war because it leaves no unity within the nation. Thus, such initiatives have been taken during the tenure of the BJP and have transformed India’s secular ideology into RSS ideology.
About Author
Dr. Muhammad Rehman is a policy analyst focused on Global governance, Energy policy, international relations and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mechanisms across sectoral development projects. He writes for Global Policies Analysis, examining how supranational institutions and policy frameworks shape development outcomes worldwide.
About the Author
This is very well explained.
Very good article